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It is important for clinicians to verify online sites and virtual support groups recommended to clients and their families. Most individuals who stutter demonstrate both observable disfluency and negative life impact (Beilby et al., 2012b; Ribbler, 2006; Tichenor & Yaruss, 2019a; Yaruss et al., 2012). See ASHAs Practice Portal pages on Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonology. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0318, Lucey, J., Evans, D., & Maxfield, N. D. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(35), 1751517524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00052-2, Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2006). The Atypical Disfluency Project | HESP l Hearing and Speech - UMD Understanding that awareness and concern about stuttering may vary across individuals and cultures and conducting a culturally and linguistically relevant comprehensive assessment. Seminars in Speech and Language, 23(3), 181186. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 6687. Stuttering in relation to lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, and utterance length. Developmental Disfluency vs. Atypical Dysfluency/Stuttering: When to be For example, some children from bilingual or multicultural backgrounds may experience stuttering onset or a temporary increase in stuttering as result of being in new and unfamiliar situations, learning a new language, or being exposed to mixed linguistic input (Shenker, 2013). Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 64(1), 3447. Differential Diagnosis | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12034. The role of self-help/mutual aid in addressing the needs of individuals who stutter. St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F., Bakker, K., & Raphael, L. (2007). ), Stuttering therapy: Rationale and procedures (pp. Treatment for fluency disorders is highly individualized and based on a thorough assessment of speech fluency, language factors, emotional/attitudinal components, and life impact (Byrd & Donaher, 2018). Person- and family-centered practice is a collaborative approach that fosters an alliance-style partnership among individuals, families, and clinicians. Children who stutter also may be at risk for experiencing bullying (Blood & Blood, 2004; Davis et al., 2002; Langevin et al., 1998).